Frank Potter's Science Gems
Physical Science III

PHYSICAL SCIENCE SUBCATEGORIES

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XVII. Introduction to Chemistry

"MINIMUM" Level: Kindergarten

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 3rd Grade

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 6th Grade

• MOLECULAR MODELING - New York University [SELECT Quicktour or Hypermedia Textbook] In "Molecules" ones finds: Water Module (labs, simulations, activities, challenges, reviews); Carbon Chemistry (bonding, compounds, diamond, graphite, Buckyballs, kevlar); Photosynthesis (under development); Molecules of Life (access to protein molecules in archives at other sites); 3-D Modeling of Molecules (tutorials); Ask-a-Scientist Page. Also tutorials in 3-D imaging of geometrical solids.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• PERIODIC TABLES - WebELEMENTS - Mark Winter, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England Multimedia. "Welcome to ... a 30 megabyte collection of 5500 files about the periodic table." The WebELEMENTS Periodic Tables include these properties of each element: General; Chemical; Physical; Nuclear; Electronic; Biological; Geological; Crystallographic; Reduction Potentials; Isotopes Abundances; Electronic Configurations; Ionization Enthalpies.
  
  
• Definitions of Chemistry Terms - University of Frostburg Terms related to ideal gas laws, thermal expansion, entropy, etc.
  
  
• Weak Acid Strong Base Titration Simulation (Java Applets) - Y.-L. Wong, Knowledge by Design Interactive: determine the weak acid concentration...
  
  
• MOLECULAR MODELING - New York University [SELECT Quicktour or Hypermedia Textbook] In "Molecules" ones finds: Water Module (labs, simulations, activities, challenges, reviews); Carbon Chemistry (bonding, compounds, diamond, graphite, Buckyballs, kevlar); Photosynthesis (under development); Molecules of Life (access to protein molecules in archives at other sites); 3-D Modeling of Molecules (tutorials); Ask-a-Scientist Page. Also tutorials in 3-D imaging of geometrical solids.
  
  
• ELEMENT PERCENTAGE CALCULATOR - Mark Winter, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England Multimedia version that allows you to enter the empirical formula for a compound and the percentage of the total molecular weight for each element is calculated.
  
  
• ChemSketch: free software - Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. Molecule drawing and modeling program. Download for free. "In the past four years the Chemsketch drawing package has attracted enthusiastic comments from its users and it has been acknowledged to be the most powerful and easiest to use molecular structure and chemical drawing tool available today."
  
  
• RasMol Molecule Viewer - University of Massachusetts Introduction and Gallery of molecular images: biomolecules such as proteins, ATP, tRNA, lipids, immunoglobulin, etc. Also available at UC Berkeley.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• Theory of Atoms in Molecules - R.F.W. Bader, McMaster University, Canada What is an Atom?; What is a bond?; The Quantum atom; More advanced topics; etc
  
  
• PERIODIC TABLES - WebELEMENTS - Mark Winter, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England Multimedia, Includes: The First 105 Elements, The Isotope Pattern Calculator, Element Percentage Calculator, and practically everything you ever want to know about an element including ionic radii, electronegativities, bond enthalpies, and isotopic abundances. Lists other WebElements Sites and other periodic table services.
  
  
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) - J.J. Nash, Purdue University Multimedia Movies including: Docking (transition from Trypsinogen into Trypsin); DLPE Bilayer; Argon Cluster; 3D Texture Mapping; Vibrations; Concepts with problems and examples.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• To be added when verified.
  
  

XVIII. Chemical Reactions

"MINIMUM" Level: Kindergarten

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 3rd Grade

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 6th Grade

• Seven Chemical Reactions [videos] - Fractus Learning Pharoah's Serpent, etc.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• To be added when verified.
  
  

XIX. Intermediate Chemistry

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• GLOBAL INSTRUCTIONAL CHEMISTRY - H. RZEPA Useful course materials in stereochemistry, reactions, NMR, and molecular modeling with the objective of combining material from WWW sites worldwide.
  
  
• CHEMPUTERS: CALCULATOR - Mark Winter, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England "Welcome to the University of Sheffield's ChemPuter, a set of simple interactive calculators for chemistry on the World-Wide Web." Includes: Isotope Patterns Calculator; Element Percentages Calculator; Metal Oxidation Calculator; Electron Accountancy for Metal Complexes Calculator; VSEPR Calculator; MLXZ classification of an atom in a compound Calculator.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• Chemistry Research - Brookhaven National Laboratory A few examples of current research programs are: Surface science, nanoscience, combustion, nuclear chemistry, etc.
  
  
• Mass Spectrometer Product - K. Clauser and P. Baker, UC San Francisco "...calculates the possible fragment ions resulting from fragmentation of a peptide in a mass spectrometer."
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• Biological Magnetic Resonance Database A Repository for Data from NMR Spectroscopy on Proteins, Peptides, Nucleic Acids, and other Biomolecules.
  
  

XX. Organic Chemistry

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• Organic Compounds Database - compiled by H. M. Bell at Virginia Tech and hosted by the Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine Large Database (Text & Images).
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry - Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc. General categories include: Hydrocarbons; Fundamental heterocyclic Systems; Characteristic Groups containg Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Halogen, Sulfur, Selenium, and/or Tellurium.
  
  
• Smells Database - MultiCHEM, UC Berkeley Tables of molecules.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

XXI. Biochemistry

"MINIMUM" Level: Kindergarten

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 3rd Grade

• NEWTON'S APPLE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS Numerous lessons from the 9th - 14th seasons from brain mapping to bread chemistry to the Hubble telescope to printing money to a raptor hospital: activities, questions, and further investigation suggestions.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 6th Grade

• MOLECULAR MODELING - New York University [Start MathMol, then SELECT Quicktour, or, Modules, or Software] In MODULES ones finds: Water Module (labs, simulations, activities, challenges, reviews); Carbon Chemistry (bonding, compounds, diamond, graphite, Buckyballs, kevlar); Photosynthesis (under development); Molecules of Life (access to protein molecules in archives at other sites); 3-D Modeling of Molecules (tutorials); Ask-a-Scientist Page. Also tutorials in 3-D imaging of geometrical solids.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• Metabolic Pathways - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Graphical pathway maps and ortholog group tables. "...an effort to computerize current knowledge of molecular and cellular biology in terms of the information pathways that consist of interacting molecules or genes and to provide links from the gene catalogs produced by genome sequencing projects."
  
  
• Smells Database - ModularCHEM Consortium, College of Chemistry, UC Berkeley Multimedia Database (Text & Images).
  
  
• ProteinProspector - K. Clauser & P. Baker, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, UCSF "Tools for mining sequence databasesin conjunction with Mass Proteometry experiments."
  
  
• STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS - A. Murzin, S.E. Brenner, T.J.P. Hubbard & C. Chothia, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, England Structural Classification of Proteins begining with "top of the hierarchy; sequence homology search and keyword search".
  
  
• PRINCIPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE - Birbeck College in Collaboration with the Virtual School of Natural Sciences (VSNS) and the Globewide Network Academy (GNA) Multimedia Course (Text, Images & MPEG's). Includes: Protein Synthesis, Primary Structure, Protein Geometry, Molecular Forces, Secondary Structure, Super-Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Protein Folds, Quaternary Structure, and Protein Interactions. Also includes Protein Families (Immunoglobulins and Antibodies, Cytokines and their Receptors, Lecins, Growth Factors Globins, Proteases, TM Barrels and Chaperones, Viruses, Publications, Research, etc.
  
  
• PRINCIPLES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE 1995 Version - Birbeck College in Collaboration with the Virtual School of Natural Sciences (VSNS) and the Globewide Network Academy (GNA) Multimedia Course (Text, Images & MPEG's). Includes: Protein Synthesis, Primary Structure, Protein Geometry, Molecular Forces, Secondary Structure, Super-Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Protein Folds, Quaternary Structure, and Protein Interactions. Also includes Protein Families (Immunoglobulins and Antibodies, Cytokines and their Receptors, Lecins, Growth Factors Globins, Proteases, TM Barrels and Chaperones, Viruses, Publications, Research, etc.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• J. of Biological Chemistry On-line - Stanford University Multimedia Movies including: Docking (transition from Trypsinogen into Trypsin); DLPE Bilayer; Argon Cluster; 3D Texture Mapping; Vibrations; The actual journal!
  
  

XXII. Biosphere

"MINIMUM" Level: Kindergarten

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 3rd Grade

"MINIMUM" Level: 6th Grade

• OCEAN IMAGE ARCHIVE - NASA Pictures and temperature maps plus earth observation movies.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• To be added when verified.
  
  

XXIII. Elementary Particles

"MINIMUM" Level: 6th Grade

• To be added when verified.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• Particle Physics - Fermilab Tour of elementary particles, matter and energy, quantum mechanics, electroweak force, color force, accelerators, detectors, astrophysics, glossary.
  
  
• The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) - CERN "To smash protons moving at 99.999999% of the speed of light into each other and so recreate conditions a fraction of a second after the big bang. The LHC experiments try and work out what happened."
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• REVIEW OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES - Authors: Manuel Aguilar-Benitez, Betty Armstrong, Michael Barnett, Carlo Caso, Gianni Conforto, Ronald L. Crawford, Simon Eidelman, Paul Gee, Karin Gieselmann, Christoph Grab, Donald E. Groom, Atul Gurtu, Kenneth G. Hayes, Juan Hernandez, Ken-ichi Hikasa, Gerhard Hohler, Setsuya Kawabata, Paolo Lantero , D. Mark Manley, Aneesh Manohar, Lucien Montanet, Rolland J. Morrison, Hitoshi Murayama, Keith Olive, Frank Porter, Matts Roos, Rafe H. Schindler, Robert E. Shrock, James Stone, Nils A. Tornqvist, Thomas G. Trippe, Gary S. Wagman, Charles G. Wohl, Ronald L. Workman. Maintained by Gary S. Wagman, Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) Includes: Introduction; History Plots; Using Particle Physics Databases; Summary Tables; Tests of Conservation Laws; Reviews, Tables, and Plots; Illustrative Key to the Full Listings; Abbreviations Used in the Full Listings and Full Listings.
  
  
• Interactive Particle Reaction Database - HEPDATA at U. of Durham Enter initial particles or products or author or detector, etc.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• Our Mathematical Universe: I. How the Monster Group Dictates All of Physics - F. Potter @ UC Irvine Predictions for leptons and quarks based upon the finite rotational subgroups of the gauge group of the Standard Model. Awaits the discovery of the b' quark of the 4th quark family at Fermilab for verification. All particle mass ratios predicted by relationship to elliptic invariant function J. Consequences enormous for future particle research!
  
  

XXIV. General Relativity

"MINIMUM" Level: 9th Grade

• Microwave Background in the Universe - NASA Variety of FAQ's about the MAP mission to profile the temperature of the universe and a little about general relativity and its role in the big picture.
  
  
• Introduction to Cosmology - NASA "...introduces basic concepts in modern cosmology and describes the MAP mission at a general level. " Topics include: Big Bang model; expansion of the universe; theory of inflation; chemical elements origins; large scale structure; Milky Way; life and death of stars, etc
  
  
• Virtual Trips to Black Holes and Neutron Stars - R. Nemiroff, Michigan Technological University "Ever wonder what it would look like to travel to a black hole? A neutron star? If so, you might find this page interesting. Here you will find descriptions and MPEG movies that take you on such exciting trips. These movies are scientifically accurate computer animations made with strict adherence to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The descriptions are written to be understandable on a variety of levels - from the casually curious to the professionally inquisitive. It is hoped that students from grade school to graduate school will find these virtual trips educational. "
  
  
• Kavli Institute for Cosmology - U. of Cambridge, UK Tour for the public: The Hot Big Bang Model; Galaxies and Clusters; Relic radiation; Cosmic Strings et al.; Inflation; and some movies.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: university

• General Relativity Tutorial - J. Baez, UC Riverside Mostly definitions of mathematical concepts.
  
  

"MINIMUM" Level: graduate

• General Relativity Tutorial - J. Baez, UC Riverside Mostly definitions of mathematical concepts.